In the case of semantic generalization, the reverse keeps: the old definition is actually an effective subcase of your the brand new
step 1.dos Semantic Relationships
After sensory faculties are understood (and you may while they are understood having a good level of confidence), the type of dating one to is present between them should be situated. The best classification regarding semantic relations emerges in the community away from historic semantics, which is, the brand new code regularly establish synchronic affairs ranging from keyword meanings is simply the same as the code familiar with establish diachronic change out-of meaning. On the best instance, when the experience a try synchronically pertaining to feel b of the metonymy, up coming a method out-of metonymy features acted diachronically to extend experience an inside feel b: diachronic mechanisms out-of semasiological transform reappear synchronically since the semantic connections certainly word meanings.
The fresh pc additionally the stored affairs, or the mouse as well as the tip, features a romance of actual-globe connectedness that is constantly grabbed from the notion of ‘contiguity
The latest four very first models are specialty, generalization, metaphor, and you may metonymy (discussed here, out of www.datingranking.net/cs/hiki-recenze good diachronic perspective, as components unlike synchronic relations). In the case of semantic expertise, brand new definition is a limitation of one’s dated meaning: brand new definition is actually good subcase of your own old. Traditional samples of expertise is actually corn (originally a wages-term for everyone categories of cereals, now official so you can ‘wheat’ when you look at the The united kingdomt, to help you ‘oats’ from inside the Scotland, and to ‘maize’ in the united states), starve (swinging from ‘to die’ to help you ‘so you’re able to die away from hunger’), and you can king (to start with ‘partner, lady,’ today restricted to ‘king’s wife, or female sovereign’). Samples of generalization is actually moonlight (primarily the earth’s satellite, but prolonged to your planet’s satellite), and you can French arriver (and this originally designed ‘to arrive the brand new river’s coastline, to help you embank,’ but and that now signifies ‘to arrive a great destination’ typically). There is lots from terminological type concerning the specialty and you may generalization. ‘Restriction’ and ‘narrowing’ regarding definition equivalent ‘specialty,’ when you are ‘expansion,’ ‘schematization,’ and you will ‘broadening’ of definition equal ‘generalization.’ And, new meanings involved can probably be said to help you host relationships out of taxonomical subordination otherwise superordination: during the a great taxonomy (a tree-such hierarchical group) regarding maxims, the fresh new formal definition are under regarding the original one, while the general meaning is superordinate with regard to the original.
Like expertise and you may generalization, it’s easier and you can typical introducing metaphor and you will metonymy with her, whilst matchmaking isn’t as personal as with the fresh new previous pair. (Regarding metaphor and metonymy employs in part step 1.6, “Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy.”) Metaphor will then be said to be centered on a romance out of similarity between the old while the the fresh new discovering, and metonymy towards a relationship regarding contiguity. Newest computer system terminology returns samples of each other types. The fresh desktop of computer screen, for instance, is not the identical to the fresh desktop computer of the workplace table-aside from in both cases, it will be the room (a literal place in a single circumstances, an online one out of the other) in which you condition loads of products that you on a regular basis have fun with or you to urgently you prefer attract. The machine pc, put simply, is not practically a pc throughout the brand-new sense, but it possess a working similarity into modern: the machine learning is an excellent metaphorical extension of the completely new work environment seats reading. Functional similarities including underlie metaphorical phrases for example save, clipboard, document, folder, reduce, and you can insert. Mouse, likewise, is additionally metaphorically driven, however, here, brand new metaphorical similarity comes to shape in lieu of mode. The good news is consider a statement toward feeling that pc keeps you hectic for the next two weeks, otherwise that you query out loud in which the mouse moved whenever you are trying to track down the new pointer towards monitor. In such cases, desktop and mouse are utilized metonymically. About previous situation, it’s not the latest virtual space as such that is related, although products which was kept there. On latter instance, it is far from this new mouse therefore (the point that you hold in your hands) you make reference to, however the tip to the display that’s work by mouse. ‘ Whenever, for example, you to definitely beverages an entire bottles, this is simply not the fresh new bottle but merely the content that will be consumed: bottles are often used to consider a specific types of basket, and also the (spatially contiguous) items in one to container. When lexical semanticians suggest that metonymical changes are based on contiguity, contiguity should not be realized during the a thin sense while the it comes so you can spatial distance merely, however, much more broadly while the a general term for several associations inside the this new spatial, temporal, or causal domain name.
